The Riksdag of 1786 rejected most of Gustav’s reforming policies. His enthusiasm for the ideas of the French enlightenment was as sincere as that of his mother, if more critical. GUSTAV III OF Sweden (1746-92) is one of the least studied of the later eighteenth-century rulers known as the Enlightened Despots. They are greatly upset to see this not happening at the last masquerade but they rejoice at the tidings of seeing that there will be a new one today. People from the King's lifeguard stood some meters away. The king’s amiability and efficient rule were not enough to satisfy his critics, so he turned from the frustrations of domestic affairs to an aggressive foreign policy. At first he sought to gain Russian support to acquire Norway from Denmark. On 6 August 1772, Toll succeeded in winning the fortress of Kristianstad by sheer bluff, and on 16 August, Sprengtporten succeeded in surprising Sveaborg, but contrary winds prevented him from crossing to Stockholm. Part of the speech by Gustav III to the Estates: A new constitution, the Instrument of Government, was read to the estates and unanimously accepted by them. A conspiracy to have the king assassinated and reform the constitution was created within the nobility in the winter of 1791–92. Gustav's immense powers were placed in the hands of a regency under his brother Prince Carl and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm until his son and successor Gustav IV Adolf reached adulthood in 1796. It was rumored at the time that Gustav was homosexual,[10] a possibility asserted by some writers. Come, let us go down. After his controversial mother's death in 1782, he found consolation in the birth of the Duke of Småland, but this was followed by severe grief when the child died the following year. There were also rumors that the queen was made pregnant by Munck, who would then be the true father of the heir Prince Gustav Adolf. Events soon occurred there that made his presence unnecessary in any case. On his return to Sweden, Gustav III tried unsuccessfully to mediate between the bitterly divided parties. He stressed the need for all parties to sacrifice their animosities for the common good, and volunteered, as "the first citizen of a free people," to be the mediator between the contending factions. The Grand Lodge conferred upon him the title "Vicarius Salomonis" (Vicar of Solomon).[22]. A form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment. At this juncture, the plotters were reinforced by Johan Christopher Toll, another victim of Cap oppression. (Charles III of Spain, Catherine II of Russia, Gustav III of Sweden, Joseph I of Portugal) Ap Euro Ch. [24] Gustav even designed and popularized a Swedish national costume, which was in general use among the upper classes from 1778 until his death (and it is still worn by the ladies of the court on state occasions). He was well-acquainted with the philosophy of Voltaire, well-known for his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. Napoleon I, France . Simultaneously, influence from Enlightenment thinkers led Gustav III to pursue economic and social liberalism. 13 January] 1746 – 29 March 1792)note on dates[1] was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. In return, Gustav abolished most of the old privileges of the nobility. [1] He was placed under the tutelage of Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt until the age of five, then educated under the care of two governors who were among the most eminent Swedish statesmen of the day: Carl Gustaf Tessin and Carl Fredrik Scheffer. 1 in D Wq 183 (H663): II. Anckarström then lost courage, dropped the pistol and knife and shouted fire. At the same time, his foreign policy became more adventurous. A song was composed by Carl Michael Bellman called the "Toast to King Gustav!". Gustav III. Brought about an end to the corrupted rule of the Riksdag. (I am wounded. He was an intelligent and cultured advocate of the Enlightenment and a Francophile. The Riksdag was quite obsequious towards the king. Gustav III was known in Sweden and abroad by his Royal Titles, or styles: 1. To this end he became a patron of the Swedish arts, curtailed the power and corruption of … He founded the Swedish Academy (1786) and greatly encouraged the theatre in Sweden. On the evening of 18 August, all the officers whom he thought he could trust received secret instructions to assemble in the great square facing the arsenal on the following morning. Due to the crowd, Pollet receded behind the King, who bent backwards to talk to Pollet. For his cultural activity no less than his political achievements, his reign is known as the Gustavian, or Swedish, Enlightenment. The much-praised Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was severely curtailed, however, by amendments in 1774 and 1792, effectively extinguishing independent media.[2]. He invested in the economic and cultural prosperity of Sweden. Gustav worked towards reform in the same direction as other contemporary sovereigns of the Age of Enlightenment. He was educated by Carl Gustav Tessin and Karl Scheffer, two of Sweden's more eminent statesmen, and by … While visiting Paris. Gustav, by the Grace of God, of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends King, Grand Prince of Finland, Duke of Pomerania, Prince of Rügen and Lord of Wismar, Heir to Norway and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, etc. 13 January] 1746 – 29 March 1792) note on dates was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. Once Finland was secured, he intended to embark for Sweden, join up with the king and his friends near Stockholm, and force the estates to accept a new constitution dictated by the king. The dilapidated finances were set in good order by the "currency realization ordinance" of 1776. It was in the foyer of the opera house that King Gustav III was assassinated. Gustav III (24 January [O.S. Earlier in foreign affairs, however, and privately, Gustav had shown considerable interest in the American Revolution and had this to say about it in October 1776: The Riksdag of 1786 marks a turning-point in Gustav's history. The poets and the philosophers paid him enthusiastic homage, and distinguished women testified to his superlative merits. The Enlightenment's most important idea was that all people can reason and think for themselves. He told the assembled officers. Under the sway of the Cap faction, Sweden seemed in danger of falling prey to the political ambitions of Russia. Gustav's parents taught him to despise the governors imposed upon him by the Riksdag, and the atmosphere of intrigue and duplicity in which he grew up made him precociously experienced in the art of dissimulation. Gustav III of Sweden, for instance, pushed his reforms too far; the nobles assassinated him. The consequence was that nearly all the royal propositions were either rejected outright or so modified that Gustav himself withdrew them. At first, the venture seemed headed for disaster before the Swedes successfully broke a blockade by the Russian fleet at the Battle of Svensksund on 9 July 1790. Updates? Confidential agents from the Swedish court had already prepared the way for him, and the Duke of Choiseul, the retired Chief Minister, resolved to discuss with him the best method of bringing about a revolution in France's ally, Sweden. Criminal justice became more lenient, the death penalty was restricted to a relatively short list of crimes (including murder), and torture was abolished in order to gain confessions, although the "strict death penalty", with torture-like corporal punishment preceding the execution, was maintained. Largo" and more. In 1774, an ordinance was proclaimed providing for the liberty of the press, though "within certain limits". Moreover, he possessed already as a boy the charm of manner that was to make him so fascinating and so dangerous in later life, coupled with a strong dramatic instinct that won him an honourable place in Swedish literature. The philosophes His visit to the French capital was, however, no mere pleasure trip; it was also a political mission. [opinion] The subsequent attempts of the dominant Caps to reduce him to a roi fainéant (a powerless king), encouraged him to consider a coup d'état. Swedish military forces were engaged by the thousands on the side of the colonists,[4] largely through the French expedition force. King Gustav III (1746–1792) came to the throne in 1771, and in 1772 led a coup d'état, with French support, that established him as an "enlightened despot," who ruled at will. City: Stockholm, Sweden Gustav III, the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, was the king of Sweden from 1771 to 1792. With many of them he maintained a lifelong correspondence. For all his gentleness, he guarded the royal prerogative fiercely and plainly showed that he would continue to do so. Everyone should participate by asking questions or raising ideas throughout the salon from the above topics. Even those who were prepared to acquiesce in the change by no means liked it. The national defences were raised to a "Great Power" scale, and the navy was so enlarged as to become one of the most formidable in Europe. Kraus was present at the ball where Gustav was shot. The war with Russia caused this venture to be abandoned.[26]. Catherine II of Russia admired the philosophes. "That we should have lost the constitutional battle does not distress us so much", wrote Gustav, in the bitterness of his heart; "but what does dismay me is to see my poor nation so sunk in corruption as to place its own felicity in absolute anarchy.". Gustav III, Sweden. During this time he became one of the key proponents of a policy known as "enlightened absolutism", where he espoused the ideals of the Enlightenment while increasing his own power and autocracy. Gustav also introduced new national economic policies. State interference with his education as a young child caused significant political disruptions within the royal family. 3. [20], Anckarström stood at the entrance to the corridor holding a knife in his left hand and carrying one pistol in his left inner pocket and another pistol in his right back pocket. It absolved them from their allegiance to the estates, and bound them solely to obey "their lawful king, Gustav III". This caused conflicts - and, later, war. Assign a role to the hostess, Madame Geoffrin. His profound knowledge of popular assemblies enabled him, alone among contemporary sovereigns, to gauge the scope of the French Revolution accurately from the first. The Russians lost one-third of their fleet and 7,000 men. Gustav III (24 January [O.S. This was a very new idea at the time. In the 1770s Jewish immigrants were invited to settle and start businesses in Sweden in order to stimulate entrepreneurship and commerce. Even people with very little power or money should have the same rights as the rich and powerful to help create the societ… Duke Charles (Karl), the eldest of the king's brothers, would thereupon be forced to mobilize the garrisons of all the southern fortresses hastily, ostensibly to crush the revolt at Kristianstad, but on arriving in front of the fortress, he was to make common cause with the rebels and march upon the capital from the south while Sprengtporten attacked it simultaneously from the east. The marriage produced two children: Crown Prince Gustav Adolf (1778–1837), and Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland (1782–1783). It is widely agreed that the contribution and dedication of Gustav III to the performing arts in Sweden, notably the building of the theatre houses and the founding of a national theatre company, has been crucial to the Swedish culture. Gustav took an active part in every department of business, but relied heavily on extra-official counsellors of his own choosing rather than upon the Privy Council of Sweden. Gustav next aimed at forming a league of princes against the revolutionary government in France,[1] and subordinated every other consideration to this goal. His Rule and Reforms. The Enlightenment Mid 1700’s Note Key: If the writing is in black WRITE IT DOWN!!! [11], Professor Erik Lönnroth of the Swedish Academy, who described the assistance provided by Munck, asserted that there is no factual basis for the assumption that Gustav III was homosexual. From 4 February to 25 March 1771, Gustav was in Paris, where he carried both the court and the city by storm. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Born in Stockholm, the eldest son of the Prince Adolph Frederick and Louise Ulrica. The poor law was amended and limited religious liberty was proclaimed for both Roman Catholics and Jews. Gustav was born in 1746, when the monarch in Sweden was a crowned figurehead under the constitution of 1720 and the all-pow-erful Estates were bedeviled by the rivalry of Hats and Caps. Gustav III Source: Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment Author(s): Marie-Christine Skuncke (1746–1792), King of Sweden (reigned 1771–1792). On his way home, Gustav paid a short visit to his uncle, Frederick the Great, at Potsdam. This reinforced monarchical authority significantly, although the estates retained the power of the purse. On the way, his adherents joined him in little groups, as if by accident, so that by the time he reached his destination he had about 200 officers in his suite. Ultimately, he quelled their rebellion and arrested its leaders. Only eight months before, Catherine had declared that "the odious and revolting aggression" of the king of Sweden would be "forgiven" only if he "testified his repentance" by agreeing to a peace granting a general and unlimited amnesty to all his rebels and consenting to a guarantee by the Swedish Riksdag for the observance of peace in the future ("as it would be imprudent to confide in his good faith alone"). Regained the government under the control of the monarchy in a coup d’etat. "There was no room for a single question during the whole session.". Meanwhile, the Privy Council and its president, Rudbeck, had been arrested and the fleet secured. The Gustavian autocracy thus survived until 1809, when his son was ousted in another coup d'état, which definitively established parliament as the dominant political power. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. He was a patron of the arts and attracted the best writers of the time to his court; by founding the Swedish Academy (1786) he gave them official status. In response, Gustav appealed to the three lower estates (clergy, burghers, peasants) of the Riksdag and in 1789 established a new constitution that augmented the royal authority. His Gustavus III. At the time of his accession, the Swedish Riksdag held more power than the monarchy, but the Riksdag was bitterly divided between rival parties,[1] the Hats and Caps. Gustav succeeded in 1771 to a Swedish throne that had been weak since it was subordinated to the Riksdag in 1720. By 1792, King Gustav III of Sweden had amassed an enormous amount of personal power, displacing the old constitutional monarchy and forming an absolutist system based on the principles of the Enlightenment. Because of the King turning backwards the shot went in at an angle from the third lumbar vertebrae towards the hip region. People do not even have to believe what churches teach or what priestssay. Anckarström was chosen to carry out the actual murder. The era of opera during his time is referred to today as the Gustavian Opera.[25]. Gustav [citation needed]. They had changed places with the king. An admirer of Voltaire, Gustav legalized Catholic and Jewish presence in Sweden, and enacted wide-ranging reforms aimed at economic liberalism, social reform and the restriction, in many cases, of torture and capital punishment. He is largely credited with creating the Royal Theatre (Kungliga Teatern), where his own historical dramas were performed, and he promoted the careers of many native singers and actors, among them the dramatic stars Fredrique Löwen and Lars Hjortsberg and the operatic stars Elisabeth Olin and Christoffer Christian Karsten, by letting them perform in his plays or in his commissioned operas, respectively. Gustav III was one of the European Kings that openly supported the French enlightened thinkers fashioning himself as a Reformer-King. He was very fond of the performing and visual arts, as well as literature. Gustav's foreign policy, on the other hand, was at first both restrained and cautious. After parade he reconducted them to the guard-room in the north western wing of the palace where the Guard of Honour had its headquarters and unfolded his plans to them. Taking his seat on the throne, he delivered his famous philippic, viewed as one of the masterpieces of Swedish oratory, in which he reproached the estates for their unpatriotic venality and license in the past. Listen to C. P. E. Bach - Symphonies & Cello Concertos by Anner Bylsma, Gustav Leonhardt & Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment on Apple Music. The Riksdag was mainly run by the Swedish nobility in the Secret Committee, a group that dealt with finances and foreign affairs. Henceforth he showed a growing determination to rule without a parliament, a cautious and gradual passage from semi-constitutionalism to semi-absolutism. King Gustav was especially fond of him and suffered obvious and severe mental and physical reactions to the baby's illness and death. On the stage several masked men – some witnesses talked of 20 or 30 men – made it impossible for the king to proceed. He undertook to seize the fortress of Sveaborg in Finland by a coup de main. She invited Diderot to Russia and corresponded with other French thinkers. Count de Vergennes, one of the most prominent French diplomats, was transferred from Constantinople to Stockholm. But the victorious Hat party, which mainly represented the interests of the aristocracy and military establishment, refused to redeem the pledges that they had given before the previous elections. The Riksdag Gustav III convened in 1778 proved tractable, but his reforms eventually aroused dissatisfaction among the nobility. Omissions? He was able to avoid complete disaster in the Russo-Swedish War by his brilliant naval victory at Svensksund (July 1790), and he ended the war with a peace treaty the following month. That year, he named his brother, the Duke of Södermanland (later Charles XIII), to the office of Grand Master for the Grand Lodge of Sweden. He was now indeed their sovereign lord. Gustav, the eldest son of King Adolf Fredrik, was an intelligent and cultured advocate of the Enlightenment. Gustav III is mainly remembered for his passion for arts, literature, theatre and music. Although he may be charged with many foibles and extravagances, Gustav III is regarded one of the leading sovereigns of the 18th century for patronage of the arts. Gustav was the son of … and ambiguous one, as a consideration of Gustav III of Sweden (1771-1792), traditionally included among eighteenth-century en-lightened despots, will show. "W. Bolts' forslag till kolonisation af en ö….1786–1790", Rigsarkivet, Handel och Sjöfart, 193; cited in Åke W. Essén, "Wilhelm Bolts und die schwedischen Kolonisierungspläne in Asien", Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, uprising against the French monarchy in 1789, Wedding of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena, King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, List of coups d'état and coup attempts by country, "Sweden's Part in the American Revolution", "Sanningen om det svenska slaveriet (SvD Premium)", "Sweden, the Slave Trade and Slavery, 1784-1847", "54 (Berättelser ur svenska historien / Nionde bandet. He seized control of the kingdom through a coup in 1772, and his 1789 ‘Union and Security Act’ took away the rest of the powers of the Swedish parliament. [21], The King twitched and said “ai” without falling. In 1772 he founded the Royal Order of Vasa to acknowledge and reward those Swedes who had contributed to advances in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce. His sister-in-law Charlotte implied as much in her famous diary. Measures were also taken to reform the administration and judicial procedures. He was hampered, however, by financial restrictions and lack of support from the other European Powers. Among those involved were Jacob Johan Anckarström, Adolph Ribbing, Claes Fredrik Horn, Carl Pontus Lilliehorn and Carl Fredrik Pechlin. French, military career. [5] Through the acquisition of Saint Barthélemy in 1784, Gustav enabled the restoration, if symbolic, of Swedish overseas colonies in America, as well as great personal profits from the transatlantic slave trade.[6][7]. During his reign (1771-1792 AD), the ideas of Enlightenment reached Sweden and changed society. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The ball seems to be merry and bright.” The King with Baron Hans Henrik von Essen by his right arm went around the theatre once and then into the foyer where they met Captain Carl Fredrik Pollet. But the Swedish nobility remained implacably opposed to him, and an aristocratic conspiracy succeeded when Gustav was shot by Captain Jacob Johan Anckarström while attending the Stockholm opera house on March 16, 1792; the king died two weeks later. In embarking on a war of aggression without the consent of the estates, Gustav violated his own constitution of 1772, which led to a serious mutiny, the Anjala Conspiracy, among his aristocratic officers in Finland. Gustav then founded a separate entity for spoken drama, the Royal Dramatic Theatre, with a new building behind the Royal Swedish Opera house. If the writing is in White read it and think about it. He was betrothed to Princess Sophia Magdalene of Denmark when he was five, and married her fifteen years later, in 1766. On the evening of 20 August, heralds roamed the streets proclaiming that the estates were to meet at the palace on the following day; every deputy absenting himself would be regarded as the enemy of his country and his king. Notable opera composers under Gustav's reign were three artists originally from Germany: Johann Gottlieb Naumann, Georg Joseph Vogler and Joseph Martin Kraus. 17-1 26 terms. Many industries were founded to diminish imports and encourage exports. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Toll proposed to raise a second revolt in the province of Scania, and to secure the southern fortress of Kristianstad. The effort to remedy the widespread corruption that had flourished under the Hats and Caps engaged a considerable share of his time and he even found it necessary to put on trial the entire Göta Hovrätt, the superior court of justice, in Jönköping. Examples include Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Gustav III of Sweden. Have courage to use your own intelligence! Gustaf IV Adolf)", Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków, Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_III&oldid=1002448554, Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, People of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with minor POV problems from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles needing additional references from August 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 14:38. This incident became the basis of an opera libretto by Eugène Scribe set by Daniel Auber in 1833 under the title Gustave III, by Saverio Mercadante in 1843 as Il Reggente,and by Giuseppe Verdi in 1859 as Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball), with the specifics changed under the pressure of censorship. But in August 1772 he seized effective power of the government and established a new constitution which, replacing that of 1720, increased the crown’s powers at the expense of the Riksdag. In the following years Gustav III introduced a number of enlightened reforms: torture as an instrument of legal investigation was abolished; freedom of the press was granted; the poor law was amended; religious toleration was accorded; free trade was promoted; the navy was strengthened; and in 1777 a comprehensive currency reform was carried out. The diet was then dissolved. Enlightened absolutism (also called enlightened despotism or enlightened absolutist) refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. His influence was so profound that an English traveler, upon seeing a Grecian temple in the far north, noted that its “magnificence and taste, like that monarch … [have] nothing in common with the country in which it has arisen.” 1 in D Wq 183 (H663): I. Allegro di molto", "Symphony No. After some debate, it was agreed that Kristianstad should openly declare against the government a few days after the Finnish revolt had begun. Gustav, the eldest son of King Adolf Fredrik, was an intelligent and cultured advocate of the Enlightenment. A new opera house was built in 1775 and inaugurated in 1782, connected to the Stockholm Palace by the Norrbro bridge. [13] The spring of 1783 has been considered a turning point in the king's personality. Gustav III, king of Sweden (1771–92), who reasserted the royal power over the Riksdag (parliament). Born on Jan. 24, 1746, Gustavus III was the eldest son of Adolphus Frederick, an ineffectual king of Sweden, and Louisa Ulrika, the sister of Frederick the Great of Prussia. The Enlightenment (Age of Reason) 1600s-1700s 8 terms. Gustav III was approached by Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten, a Finnish nobleman, who had incurred the enmity of the Caps, with the prospect of a revolution. At Potsdam as well as literature Committee, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and Sweden: the.! Letter was written in French, and in 1786 he collaborated with Johan Kellgren on the several. Authority significantly, although the estates retained the power of the King, was! 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Rejected most of the performing and visual arts, literature, theatre and music continental Europe ruled! ) 1600s-1700s 8 terms Famous: Gustav was especially fond of him and suffered obvious and mental!